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Genomics News
8-23-02 Mental retardation gene identified
6-18-02 CU Genomics program rebounds
12-18-02 CU helps unlock rice genetic code
4-5-02 Clemson rice research in Science magazine
2-24-02 Clemson takes a hit
12-5-97 Genetically engineering better food and fiber crops
5-15-98 CU provides framework for rice genome research
6-15-98 CU hosts national discussion on agricultural biotechnology
10-16-98 CU research improves soybean harvests
11-24-98 NSF supports CU genomics research
10-15-99 USDA and NSF award CU $5.1 million for genomics research
DATE:
4-5-02
CONTACT:
Rod Wing, 864-656-7288 rwing@clemson.edu
WRITER:
Peter Kent, 864-656-0937 pkent@clemson.edu
SCIENCE MAGAZINE PUBLISHES RESULTS
OF CLEMSON RICE
GENOME RESEARCH
CLEMSON
- More than half the world's population will benefit from genetic
research conducted at Clemson University.
The
April 5 issue of the internationally respected magazine, Science,
presents the first complete genetic map of the rice genome. Significant
sections of the map were created at the Clemson University Genomics Institute,
the only genome center in the country dedicated to crop plants and the
pests that reduce production of food crops and cotton. Creating the "library"
of genetic material is part of a multinational rice genome research program.
A
genome is the complete genetic blueprint of an organism. The rice genome
sequencing program is the molecule-by-molecule analysis of the genetic
makeup of rice, the world's most important food crop for more than half
the people on the planet.
"We're
pleased that the Genomics Institute has the capability to provide the
framework for this major international effort," said Jim Fischer, dean
and director of the South Carolina Agriculture and Forestry Research System
that sponsors the genomics institute. "We have worked very hard to build
Clemson into a world leader in biotechnology research."
Rod
Wing and Ralph Dean, director and former associate director of the institute,
led the research team building the map that can be used to discover useful
genes for crop improvement and for producing new crop protection products.
The
study of rice and a similar study of Arabidopsis,
a small plant related to the mustard family, will be used to create genetic
models for the two major classifications of plants: monocots, including
rice, wheat and corn; and dicots, including soybean, tomato and potato.
Scientists
will then have the basis to understand the genetic structure and function
of all the world's plants and can use this knowledge to improve useful
traits, such as higher yield or nutritional content.
END
2-24-02
CLEMSON TAKES A HIT
Editorial to The State (SC) newspaper
by James R. Fischer,
Director of Clemson University Agriculture and Forestry Research
At Clemson, 'taking
a hit' is a phrase usually associated with football, and it's better to
give one than take one. Last week, Clemson took a hit. It wasn't delivered
by a bruising linebacker - it came from a molecular biologist.
Rod Wing made
it public that he is leaving Clemson for the University of Arizona. An
internationally respected genetics researcher, Wing has been a pioneer
in unraveling the genetic codes of plants. One question is why is he leaving?
Another is what could we have done to keep him? Let me take a stab at
answering them.
A few days before Wing announced his departure, the Arizona Republic reported that a task force of government, university, business and private foundation leaders had committed $40 million to $50 million to make the state a leader in biotechnology.
The goal is to
convince the International Genomics Consortium, a nonprofit group of world-renowned
genetics researchers, to locate there. Wing is an investment for Arizona,
an attractive asset that state leaders are counting on for a big payoff.
"We have the
money on the table. We have the labs for them (genetics researchers).
They are not coming for the sunshine," said Dr. Raymond Woosley, dean
of the University of Arizona's medical school.
Other state leaders
talk of the universities landing new federal grants, of spin-off companies
from research creating high-wage jobs. A study by McKinney and Co., a
global consulting firm, states that for $1 invested in biotech, there
is an $18 return.
Business analysts
predict biotechnology will be for this decade what computers were for
the previous one. Biotech uses the building blocks of life - cells, molecules
and proteins - to create new products, ranging from pharmaceuticals and
surgical materials, to insect-resistant seeds and stronger-than-steel
fibers. In 1993 biotech revenues were $8 billion. In 2000, the amount
had nearly tripled, to $22.3 billion.
South Carolina
leaders know well what
that feeling of confidence in the future is like. A little more than a
decade ago, state leaders invested nearly $1 million to start up Clemson's
genomics program. The money was well spent. The Clemson University Genomics
Institute has returned more than 1,500 percent on the investment over
the past three years. Directly, genomics research has generated patents,
a spin-off company and millions of dollars in federal and private-sector
grants.
Indirectly, the
genomics program has become a center for innovation and science. South
Carolina farmers lead the nation in adopting genetically improved seeds
that dramatically decrease the need for pesticides. Young scientists have
been attracted to Clemson because of its prominence in genomics. In 1997,
state leaders continued their support by underwriting the money for a
new biotech building slated to open in May.
The status, the
investment, the momentum are in danger of being lost. A faltering economy
has prompted state budget cuts and Clemson's genomics program looks to
be a casualty. The loss of money the state contributes to the university's
public service activities (PSA) will not end the genomics program, but
it certainly will slow it down. It's time South Carolina cannot afford
to lose.
South Carolina
and Arizona aren't the only competitors. Forty-three states and 77 cities
have biotech initiatives. Michigan will spend $1 billion over 20 years
to create a "life-sciences" corridor from Grand Rapids to Detroit. Wisconsin
has committed $300 million over a decade for research facilities at the
University of Wisconsin. Ohio is providing $12 million to Cleveland's
biotech effort, despite the economic slowdown in a state with an aging
business base.
"We have not
inherited tranquil times," said Ohio Gov. Bob Taft to a joint session
of the Ohio General Assembly. "So history will judge us on how well we
guide Ohio through the challenges ahead."
South Carolina's
leaders undoubtedly feel the same way. Money is tight here, too. It's
understandable that urgent needs put long-term investments on the back
burner. The trouble is the clock is ticking and South Carolina is running
out of time.
"If we don't
jump through this window now, in the next two or three years opportunity
will be lost," Indianapolis executive Dave Goodrich told a group putting
together a biotech initiative. "We will be so far behind that we won't
be able to keep up."
The University of Texas at Austin begins a $52 million
biosciences center this spring. This fall, 150 students enter the university's
new biomedical engineering department. At Austin Community College, the
National Science Foundation is providing $120,000 a year for six years
to develop one of seven national centers for training biomedical technicians.
Creating rewarding
biotech work will of course be good for the economy. It will also slow
the exodus of college graduates from the state. Biotech promises to "bigger
than IT (information technology)," said the director of the Austin Community
College training program.
Unlike information
technology, biotech does not offer get-rich-quick opportunities. Where
a software designer can create a multimillion-dollar money-maker in his
home office at night, biotech products, such as new drugs and seeds, must
go through a lengthy approval process and then be manufactured and marketed.
The process can take years. Once states have the resources, they must
continue to create an environment for growth or their advantage will vanish.
"If you don't
take advantage of your edge, other areas will steal it away," said Walt
Plosila, a researcher who has studied life science economies across the
nation.
Rod Wing left
because South Carolina and Clemson could not keep the edge. We will recover.
Wing was a prominent member of a team with other strong players. We will
rebuild: Clemson has a winning reputation in biotechnology. It will take
time - and time, unlike money, cannot be restored once it is gone.
Dr. James
R. Fischer is dean of Public Service Research and director of Agriculture
& Forestry Research at Clemson University. Fischer started the biotech
program at Clemson, hired Wing and lobbied for the university's new biotechnology
building.
Under his direction, a major emphasis has been placed
on biotechnology research at Clemson. As a result, researchers at the
university have created genetic maps that are used as a worldwide reference
by plant researchers. Other Clemson research has identified the molecular
pathways that allow fungus to invade rice, which is helping physicians
understand how diseases such as tuberculosis and yeast infections invade
humans.
Fischer is
past chair of the National Agricultural Biotechnology Council and also
has held leadership positions with the National Association of State Universities
and Land-Grant Colleges, the Southern Association of Agricultural Experiment
Station Directors, the Agricultural Research Institute, the American Society
of Agricultural Engineers, the American Association for the Advancement
of Science, and the Council for Agricultural Science and Technology. He
earned his undergraduate and graduate degrees in agricultural engineering
from the University of Missouri.
END
DATE:
12-5-97
CONTACT:
Rod Wing, (864) 656-7288
WRITER:
Debbie Dalhouse, (864) 656-0937
GENETICALLY
ENGINEERING BETTER FOOD AND FIBER CROPS
CLEMSON
-- Bermuda grass that survives winter's chill ... peanuts that contain
a healthier type of fat ... crops that resist disease without chemicals
... soil that protects plants from root damage. These are some of the
projects that Clemson researchers are working on to improve plants in
the future.
And
their findings may reach far beyond plants. For example, Clemson research
into the fat content of peanuts is being used to develop better diagnostic
tools for breast cancer. And research into how fungus invades rice is
helping physicians understand how tuberculosis and yeast infections invade
humans.
Over
the years, the principles of plant genetics have evolved from Mendel's
elementary observations to today's genetic engineering. Now, Clemson researchers
are creating genetic maps of crop plants important to South Carolina and
the world, locating individual genes along complex strands of DNA, identifying
the traits various genes control and discovering the switches that activate
those genes.
"In
the future, genetic engineering will be the key to producing more food
and fiber with less farmland as world population continues to grow,"
notes Jim Fischer, director of the S.C. Agriculture and Forestry Research
System based at Clemson.
Genetic
engineering research at the University began in the 1970s with exploratory
work on microbes and bacteria. A concentrated effort to use molecular
genetics for improving plant production began in 1989. At that time, the
South Carolina Legislature funded a Public Service Activities initiative
for plant-based molecular genetics research. The S.C. Agriculture and
Forestry Research System used this and other funding to recruit outstanding
scientists from around the country and to provide state-of-the-art laboratory
facilities for genetic engineering research in plants.
These
laboratories are used by students as well as faculty members. In 1992,
Clemson created a graduate degree program in genetics that is the only
program in the state which embraces the diverse disciplines of agriculture,
biological sciences, medicine and human genetics. Like the graduate program,
the plant genetics research program comprises a variety of disciplines,
including agronomy, biochemistry, botany, entomology, horticulture, microbiology,
and plant pathology and physiology.
The
University's genetics researchers have been recognized nationally and
internationally. A few of their outstanding accomplishments include:
-
Creating genetic maps of peaches, peanuts and vegetables, maps now used as a worldwide reference for plant researchers.
-
Identifying the molecular pathways that enable diseases to infect plants, research now used as a worldwide model for both plant and human diseases.
-
Serving as visiting scientists to share their discoveries and expertise with researchers around the world.
Because
of these accomplishments, an endowment was created by Dr. and Mrs. Robert
Richardson Coker of Hartsville, S.C. to fund the Robert and Lois Coker
Trustees Chair in Molecular Genetics in the College of Agriculture, Forestry
and Life Sciences.
"The
Coker Chair was created as a result of the extensive plant-based genetics
research that has been conducted here over the years," explains Jim Fischer.
"An endowed chair is evidence that Clemson is a recognized force in plant
genetics."
The
role of the Coker Chair professor is that of a "first among equals" to
serve as a nucleus and spokesperson for the diverse group of plant genetics
researchers at the University.
Rod
Wing, a plant molecular geneticist, was named the first holder of the
Coker Chair and arrived at Clemson this summer. He has received recognition
from the U.S. Department of Agriculture, National Science Foundation and
the Rockefeller Foundation for his research. Wing's investigations use
map-based genetic cloning to isolate agriculturally important genes which
can improve both quality and yield in a variety of crops from cotton to
tomatoes.
"I
came to Clemson because there is a really good group of scientists working
here already," says Wing. "I want to pull everybody together so we can
speak as a unified voice to further plant genetics and agricultural research
and allow Clemson to receive more recognition worldwide."
Some
of that recognition is already planned for June 1998, when Clemson will
host the annual meeting of the National Agricultural Biotechnology Council.
END
DATE:
5-15-98
CONTACT:Rod
Wing, (864) 656-7288
Ralph
Dean, (864) 656-5737
WRITER:
Debbie Dalhouse, (864) 656-0937
CLEMSON
UNIVERSITY PROVIDES FRAMEWORK
CLEMSON
- Scientists at the Clemson University Genomics Institute have received
a grant for nearly $3 million from Novartis to construct a molecular genetic
map for rice and to study the genetics of its major disease threat, called
rice blast. The project is part of a national plant genome initiative
in the United States and a multinational rice genome research program.
A
genome is the complete genetic blueprint of an organism. The rice genome
sequencing program is undertaking a molecule-by-molecule analysis of the
genetic makeup of rice, the world's most important food crop.
"We're
pleased that the Genomics Institute has the capability to provide the
framework for this major international effort," said Jim Fischer, dean
and director of the South Carolina Agriculture and Forestry Research System
that sponsors the Genomics Institute. "We have worked very hard to build
Clemson into a world leader in biotechnology research."
Novartis,
a Swiss-based life sciences corporation with core business in healthcare,
agribusiness and nutrition, awarded the grant to Rod Wing and Ralph Dean,
director and associate director, respectively, of the Genomics Institute.
Wing will lead a team of scientists to construct the molecular genetic
map that can be used to discover useful genes for crop improvement and
for producing new crop protection products. Dean will lead a team to investigate
the genetic makeup of rice blast, a major disease-causing organism, to
discover ways of preventing crop loss caused by the disease.
The
complexity of the worldwide rice genome research requires extensive collaboration
between multinational government agencies and private industry, such as
Novartis. When completed, basic information gained from the study of rice
and a similar study of Arabidopsis,
a small plant related to the mustard family, will be used to create genetic
models for the two major classifications of plants: monocots, including
rice, wheat and corn; and dicots, including soybean, tomato and potato.
Scientists
will then have the basis to understand the genetic structure and function
of all the world's plants and can use this knowledge to improve useful
traits, such as higher yield or nutritional content. While each of these
plants has the smallest genetic content of its type, the amount of information
to be analyzed is so vast that the studies will take several years. The
Arabidopsis study is projected for completion in the year 2000, with
the rice study projected for completion in 2004.
Because
of the complexity of the undertaking, groups of scientists are analyzing
different segments of the genomes. To ensure that all the scientists have
comparable reference points, the Clemson University Genomics Institute
is the source for the genetic materials, called BAC libraries, being used
for these projects.
Funding
to create and distribute the BAC libraries came from the Rockefeller Foundation.
Funding for the sophisticated robotics and automated equipment to mass-produce
the libraries came from the National Science Foundation, the Robert and
Lois Coker Endowment and Clemson University.
END
DATE:
6-15-98
CONTACT: Jim Fischer, (864) 656-3140
WRITER: Debbie Dalhouse, (864) 656-0937
CLEMSON
HOSTS NATIONAL DISCUSSION ON
GREENVILLE
- A call for continued research, improved education for growers and consumers,
and development of an independent coalition of public and private groups
for regulatory oversight were some of the recommendations that came from
the national agricultural biotechnology conference hosted by Clemson University
May 31 - June 2 at the Greenville Hyatt Regency hotel.
The
theme for the conference was the environmental impact of agricultural
biotechnology, or plant genetic engineering. The conference focused on
two issues: the risks of altered genes migrating into non-crop plants
and the risks of pests, such as insects and viruses, developing a resistance
to genetically engineered plant pesticides.
More
than 100 participants from 30 states and three foreign countries, representing
agribusinesses, growers, government regulatory agencies, scientists and
environmentalists, attended the annual conference sponsored by the National
Agricultural Biotechnology Council (NABC). The council is a consortium
of 24 non-profit research institutions in the United States and Canada.
"There
are more than 67 million acres of transgenic crops in the world today,
just 25 years after the discovery of gene splicing technology," said Jim
Fischer, dean and director of the South Carolina Agriculture and Forestry
Research System based at Clemson and 1998-99 chair of NABC. "This conference
provides an opportunity for all interested parties to discuss the pros
and cons of agricultural biotechnology in a neutral atmosphere."
Conference
participants heard presentations by nine authorities representing various
viewpoints, then formulated recommendations for future developments in
plant biotechnology.
The
primary uses of agricultural biotechnology today are Roundup Ready soybean
and cotton, and Bt cotton and corn. The Roundup Ready crops are resistant
to the popular herbicide so the crops are not damaged, while the weeds
are controlled. The Bt crops contain a gene from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis that allows the plant to produce an insecticide
which controls harmful insects, such as cotton bollworm or corn ear worm.
Growers
have found that these crops use less chemicals and labor and achieve higher
yields because of fewer losses caused by insects or weeds. The next wave
of biotechnology holds the promise of more dramatic changes, such as producing
medicines in plants. However, there is concern among some consumer and
environmental groups, especially in Europe, that biotechnology can adversely
affect the safety of foods or the environment.
The
NABC conference combined presentations by nationally recognized authorities
with small-group discussions to review the latest information on agricultural
biotechnology and develop recommendations for future implementation.
Speakers
for this year's conference and their topics were:
.
Carl B. Loop, Jr.,
president of the Florida Farm Bureau Federation, discussed the general
acceptance of agricultural biotechnology by growers contrasted with the
public's fears because people are uncomfortable with change.
.
Frederick H. Buttel,
professor of rural sociology at the University of Wisconsin, noted that
public opinion is not always based on scientific research.
.
Fred Gould,
professor of ecology at North Carolina State University, discussed
.
Roger Beachy,
head of plant biology at The Scripps Research Institute in California,
discussed genetic engineering strategies being developed to produce plants
that resist viral infections.
.
Thomas J. Hoban,
associate professor of sociology at North Carolina State University, discussed
the findings of public opinion surveys conducted in the United States,
Canada, Japan and Europe on agricultural biotechnology.
.
Thomas E. Nickson,
a scientist with Monsanto Company, discussed biotechnology as one of the
techniques that can be used to increase food production in a sustainable
manner.
.
Mae-Wan Ho, a senior research
fellow at the Open University in England, warned of moving too far too
fast with biotechnology.
.
Sharlene R. Matten, a biologist
with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, discussed safety regulations
for plant-produced pesticides.
.
Murray Robinson,
president of Delta and Pine Land Company, said that biotechnology developments
are beneficial to growers and should be guided by scientific research
and a close association with regulatory agencies, such as EPA and USDA.
END
DATE:
10-16-98
CONTACT: Halina Knap, (864) 656-3523
WRITER: Debbie Dalhouse, (864) 656-0937
CLEMSON
RESEARCH MAKES MOLECULAR
CLEMSON
- A Clemson University scientist
has identified the genes that
The
nematodes are microscopic plant-parasitic worms that attack the roots
of developing soybean plants. Harvests are dramatically reduced when
soybeans that lack resistance to the nematodes are grown in nematode-infested
soil. The nematodes chemically alter cells in the roots of susceptible
soybeans so the plant cells begin to function as a food source for the
parasite.
Knap
is identifying the genes in resistant soybean varieties that protect them
from infection. "My laboratory has identified three classes of genes
involved in the relationship between the soybean cyst nematode and the
soybean following infection," said Knap.
One
class of genes is involved in a general resistance response to different
pathogens and damage. A second class is the resistance genes found
in other organisms, such as the tomato's resistance to certain fungi and
bacteria. The third class includes newly discovered genes that exhibit
some type of resistance response to disease infection. One or more
of these classes of genes may provide cyst nematode resistance in future
soybean varieties.
"As
we continue to work with these genes," Knap said, "our priorities will
be to identify their genetic makeup, determine how they interact with
other soybean genes and determine how they provide resistance to the soybean."
"Clemson
has a long tradition in biotechnology and its application to agricultural
improvements," said James R. Fischer, director of the South Carolina Agriculture
and Forestry Research System at Clemson. "Knap's research is an excellent
example of this commitment and represents a multidisciplinary approach
involving Clemson plant breeder Emerson Shipe and nematologist Stephen
Lewis, as well as the university's Genomics Institute."
Knap
also collaborates on the soybean project with Robert Bolla of St. Louis
University and Ben Matthews of the USDA Agriculture Research Service in
Beltsville, Md. Their group investigates early responses of the
soybean to the cyst nematode. Bolla's work involves identifying
genes involved in resistance to nematode infection, while Matthews identifies
resistance genes that specifically prevent the nematode from establishing
a feeding site in the root.
END
DATE:
11-24-98
CONTACT: Rod Wing, (864) 656-7288
Ralph
Dean, (864) 656-5737
WRITER: Debbie Dalhouse, (864) 656-0937
NATIONAL
SCIENCE FOUNDATION SUPPORTS
CLEMSON
- Plant genomics researchers at Clemson University are working with the
National Science Foundation (NSF) in the nationwide effort to understand
the genetics of economically important crops, such as corn, cotton and
tomato.
The
plant genome initiative funded by NSF is the largest commitment ever made
for agricultural plant research, amounting to $40 million in 1998, with
equal or greater funding expected in future years. To date, $3.6 million
of this has been awarded to the Clemson University Genomics Institute.
The
goal of the plant genome initiative is to dissect and analyze the complete
genetic make-up of key crop plants, such as corn, sorghum, tomato, cotton
and soybean. At the same time, work will continue on the Arabidopsis genome, the favorite model for plant genetics because
of its relatively small genome size - 100 million bases compared to three
billion in corn.
As
each component of the plants' genetic make-up is analyzed, researchers
will be able to identify genes that control useful traits, such as the
ability to survive drought, resist insect damage or produce higher yields.
To
accomplish this, libraries of DNA fragments are being produced at Clemson
and distributed to research teams around the country, as well as in other
countries for international research efforts. The genetic libraries are
used to build a physical map of the genome and serve as the raw material
for sequencing all of the genetic components.
"The
ability to produce the genetic libraries is what sets Clemson apart from
other sequencing centers around the country and the world," said Rod A.
Wing, director of the Clemson University Genomics Institute. "We provide
the materials that make up the cornerstone of genomics research worldwide."
Clemson
molecular geneticists are also conducting research for the NSF-funded
plant genome initiative. Their efforts include developing a physical map
of the corn genome, identifying and characterizing the genes that control
fiber quality in cotton, identifying the genetic links that are common
to all cereal crops using sorghum, rice and corn as references, and identifying
the genes that control fruit quality and shelf life in tomato.
"The
NSF support confirms Clemson's leadership in the international arena of
plant genomics," said Ralph A. Dean, associate director of the Clemson
University Genomics Institute. "We have an outstanding team of scientists
here."
Information
gained from research teams around the country will be combined to produce
a picture of the genetic similarities among crops. Once identified, economically
important genes might be used to engineer improved crop plants in many
related species.
"We're
pleased that the Genomics Institute has the capability to aid in this
major international effort," said Jim Fischer, dean and director of the
South Carolina Agriculture and Forestry Research System that sponsors
the Genomics Institute. "We
have worked very hard to build Clemson into a world leader in biotechnology
research."
END
DATE:
10-15-99
CONTACT:
Rod Wing, (864) 656-7288
WRITER: Debbie Dalhouse, (864) 656-0937
CLEMSON
UNIVERSITY GENOMICS INSTITUTE
CLEMSON
- The Clemson University Genomics Institute (CUGI) is leading one of two
American teams in an international effort to identify all the genetic
components of rice.
Funded
by a $5.1 million three-year grant from the U.S. Department of Agriculture
and the National Science Foundation, the Clemson-led team will sequence
and map segments of two chromosomes in rice.
Rice
is the world's most important food crop, feeding half the human population.
Rice also contains the smallest genetic base, called "genome",
for monocots, so it can be used as a model to understand the genetic make-up
of other grains, such as corn, wheat and barley. By comparison, the genome
size of corn and humans is about seven times larger.
The
goal of this international study is to discover each of the approximately
40,000 genes in rice and locate their position on each of the 12 chromosomes.
"With
the information we learn by sequencing the rice genome, scientists will
be able to identify the function of each gene," said Rod Wing, director
of CUGI and project director of Clemson's rice genome sequencing consortium.
"The
next step will be to use that knowledge to improve useful traits, such
as higher yield or nutritional content, in rice and other grain crops,"
Wing said.
Other
institutions in the Clemson-led consortium are the Cold Spring Harbor
Laboratory Genome Center in New York, NY lead by W.R. McCombie, and the
Washington University Genome Sequencing Center in St. Louis, MO, led by
R. Wilson, both recognized leaders in genome sequencing research.
The
Institute for Genomic Research in Rockville, MD, is the only other American
team to receive funding for the rice project. Other countries participating
in this international project are Japan, China, Korea, France, Taiwan,
Thailand, and the United Kingdom. Each group is investigating assigned
segments of the rice genome.
To
ensure that all the scientists have comparable reference points for the
rice genome project, CUGI is mass-producing and distributing the raw DNA
sequencing material, in the form of BAC libraries, for each group.
Funding
for CUGI comes through Agriculture and Forestry Research at Clemson University.
END
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